Self contained wound dressing apparatus

ABSTRACT

The composite wound dressing apparatus promotes healing of a wound via the use of a vacuum pump. The vacuum pump applies a vacuum pressure to the wound to effectively draw wound fluid or exudate away from the wound bed. The vacuum pump is tethered to the wound dressing and is portable, preferably, carried by the patient in a support bag, which permits patient mobility. Moreover, the patient does not need to be constrained for any period of time while exudate is being removed from the wound.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/516,216 filed on Sep. 6, 2006, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/714,912, filed on Sep. 7,2005. The priority of these prior applications is expressly claimed andtheir disclosures are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for treating an openwound, and, more specifically, relates to a self-contained wounddressing with a portable pump system which draws wound fluids into acollection canister supported by the patient.

Description of Related Art

Wound closure involves the migration of epithelial and subcutaneoustissue adjacent the wound towards the center of the wound until thewound closes. Unfortunately, closure is difficult with large wounds orwounds that have become infected. In such wounds, a zone of stasis (i.e.an area in which localized swelling of tissue restricts the flow ofblood to the tissues) forms near the surface of the wound. Withoutsufficient blood flow, the epithelial and subcutaneous tissuessurrounding the wound not only receive diminished oxygen and nutrients,but, are also less able to successfully fight microbial infection and,thus, are less able to close the wound naturally. Such wounds havepresented difficulties to medical personnel for many years.

Wound dressings have been used in the medical industry to protect and/orfacilitate healing of open wounds. One popular technique has been to usenegative pressure therapy, which is also known as suction or vacuumtherapy. A variety of negative pressure devices have been developed toallow excess wound fluids, i.e., exudates to be removed while at thesame time isolating the wound to protect the wound and, consequently,effect recovery time. Various wound dressings have been modified topromote the healing of open wounds.

Issues that continually need to be addressed when using a wound dressinginclude ease of use, efficiency of healing a wound, portability andnegative pressure control capabilities. Thus, there remains a need toconstantly improve negative pressure wound dressings for open wounds.

SUMMARY

In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, there isprovided a wound dressing apparatus including a wound dressing and apump system. The wound dressing includes a first layer, a second layer,and a third layer arranged in superposed relation. The first layer is indirect contact with a wound bed. The second layer is configured toabsorb wound fluid and conform to a particular shape of the wound bed.The third layer encloses the wound bed and provides a seal around theperimeter of the wound bed. The third layer includes a port in fluidcommunication with the first and second layers. The pump system includesa vacuum pump, a pressure sensor, and control means. The vacuum pumpapplies vacuum pressure to the wound bed to draw the wound fluid awayfrom the wound bed. The vacuum pump is disposed within the second layer.The pressure sensor detects pressure within the wound dressing. Thepressure sensor is disposed beneath the third layer. The control meanscontrols the output of the vacuum pump.

In an embodiment, the port may include a one-way valve to permit thewound fluid to flow in a single direction away from the wound dressingand prevent flow toward the wound dressing. Furthermore, the port may beintegrally formed with the third layer of the wound dressing.

In another embodiment, the wound dressing apparatus may further includea collection canister for collecting the wound fluid through the port.The wound dressing apparatus may further include a pouch adapted formounting to the body of a patient. The collection canister may bemounted in the pouch. The control means may also be mounted in thepouch.

In still another embodiment, the vacuum pump may include an internalself-contained battery source. In addition, the control means mayinclude an override switch to optionally initiate or terminate operationof the vacuum pump without input from the pressure sensor. In anembodiment, the third layer may be transparent.

In yet another embodiment, the first layer may include a plurality ofpores for unidirectional flow of the wound fluid toward the secondlayer. In addition, the first layer may include medicament coatedthereto. Furthermore, the control means may be electrically connectedwith the pressure sensor by an electrical wire through the port.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various embodiments of the subject wound dressing are described hereinwith reference to the drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of a self contained wounddressing apparatus in accordance with the principles of the presentdisclosure illustrating the wound dressing member, pump system andcollection canister;

FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view taken along the lines 1A-1A of FIG. 1illustrating the vacuum tube of the wound dressing apparatus;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the pump system;

FIG. 3 is a view illustrating a body support bag for containing thecollection canister and/or pump system;

FIG. 4 is a view illustrating an alternate embodiment of the bodysupport bag of FIG. 3; and

FIG. 5 is a view illustrating an alternate embodiment of the selfcontained wound dressing apparatus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The composite wound dressing apparatus of the present disclosurepromotes healing of a wound via the use of an external peristalticvacuum pump. The external peristaltic pump applies a vacuum pressure tothe wound to effectively draw wound fluid or exudate away from the woundbed. The external peristaltic pump is tethered to the wound dressing andis portable, preferably, carried by the patient, which permits patientmobility. Moreover, the patient does not need to be constrained for anyperiod of time during therapy and while exudates is being removed fromthe wound.

Referring now to FIG. 1, the wound dressing apparatus 100 in accordancewith a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.Wound dressing apparatus 100 includes composite wound dressing 102 andpump system 104 tethered to the wound dressing 102. Wound dressing 102is in the form of an article with multiple layers arranged in juxtaposedor superposed relation. The multiple layers include, but are not limitedto a base layer 106, a packing/absorbent layer 108, and a non-porousadherent top layer 110.

The base layer 106 is in direct contact with the wound bed “w”. The baselayer 106 is typically porous and non-adherent. “Non-adherent” as usedherein refers to a material that does not adhere to tissues in andaround the wound bed. “Porous” as used herein refers to a material whichcontains numerous small perforations or pores which allow wound fluidsof all kinds to pass through the material to the dressing layers above.The passage of wound fluid through the porous material is preferablyunidirectional such that wound exudate does not flow back to the woundbed. This direction flow feature could be in the form of directionalapertures imparted into the material layer, a lamination of materials ofdifferent absorption to the base layer 106 or specific materialselection that encourages directional flow. Exemplary materials used asthe base layer 106 include a contact layer sold under the trademarkXEROFLO® by Kendall Corp, a division of TycoHealthcare.

In addition, agents such as hydrogels and medicaments could be bonded orcoated to the base layer 106 to reduce bioburden in the wound, promotehealing and reduce pain associated with dressing changes or removal.Medicaments include, for example, antimicrobial agents, growth factors,antibiotics, analgesics, and the like. Furthermore, when an analgesic isused, the analgesic could include a mechanism that would allow therelease of that agent prior to dressing removal or change.

The layer proximal to the base layer 106 is the packing/absorbent layer108. The packing/absorbent layer 108 is intended to absorb and capturewound fluid and exudates. Exemplary materials used as thepacking/absorbent layer 108 include the antimicrobial dressing soldunder the trademark KERLIX® by Kendall Corp., a division ofTycoHealthcare. Those skilled in the art will recognize that thepacking/absorbent layer 108 can be formed into any suitable shape. Theonly requirement as to shape is that the packing/absorbent layer 108 issuitable to conform to a particular shape of the wound.

A further use for the packing/absorbent layer 108 is to decrease theincidence of infection in the wound bed. Hence, the packing/absorbentlayer 108 may be treated with medicaments. Medicaments include, forexample, an anti-infective agent such as an antiseptic or other suitableantimicrobial or combination of antimicrobials, polyhexamethylenebiguanide (hereinafter, “PHMB”), antibiotics, analgesics, healingfactors such as vitamins, growth factors, nutrients and the like, aswell as a simple flushing with isotonic saline solution.

With continued reference still to FIG. I, the top layer 110 encompassesthe perimeter of the wound dressing 102 to surround the wound bed “w” toprovide an occlusive seal around the perimeter of the wound bed “w”. Thetop layer 110 may include an adhesive bonded to an area that surroundsthe wound bed “w” or may incorporate an additional layer which has theadhesive. The adhesive must provide acceptable adhesion to the tissue“t” surrounding the wound bed “w” skin, e.g., the periwound area, and beacceptable for use on skin without contact deterioration (for example,the adhesive should preferably be non-irritating and non-sensitizing.)The adhesive may be semi-permeable to permit the contacted skin tobreathe and transmit moisture. Alternatively, the adhesive may beimpermeable. Additionally, the adhesive could be activated orde-activated by an external stimulus such as heat or a given fluidsolution or chemical reaction. Adhesives include, for example, the ULTECHydrocolloid Dressing, by Kendall Corp., a division of TycoHealthcare.

The top layer 110 is preferably in the form of a sheet mounted proximalto the packing/absorbent layer 108. In a preferred embodiment, theperipheral portions 110P of the top layer 110 includes an adhesive andis secured to the tissue “t” about the wound bed “w”. The peripheralportions 110P may be secured to the periphery of base layer 102 ifdesired. It is anticipated that removable liners may also be used toprotect the adhesive surface of the top layer 110 prior to use.

The top layer 110 may incorporate a flexible material, e.g., resilientor elastomeric, that seals the top of the wound dressing 102. In oneembodiment, the top layer 110 includes the transparent dressingmanufactured under the trademark Polyskin II® by Kendall Corp, adivision of TycoHealthcare. POLYSKIN® II is a transparent,semi-permeable material which permits moisture and oxygen exchange withthe wound site, and provides a barrier to microbes and fluidcontainment. In the alternative, the top layer 110 may be impermeable.The transparency of the top layer 110 provides a visual indication ofthe status of the wound dressing and more particularly, the status ofthe saturation level of the layers of the wound dressing. The top layer110 further includes a vacuum port or connector 112 in fluidcommunication with the interior of the wound dressing 102. The vacuumport 112 may be a separate component attached to the top layer 110 andconnected thereto by conventional means or integrally formed with thetop layer 110. The vacuum port 112 may have a valve built therein, e.g.,a one way valve, to permit exudates to flow in one direction only, i.e.,away from the wound dressing 102 toward the pump system 104. Vacuum port112 is adapted to be releasably connected to the pump system 104 as willbe discussed and may or may not include structure for releasableconnection to the pump system.

Referring still to FIG. 1, the pump system 104 will be discussed. Thepump system 104 includes a vacuum source 114, inlet tubing 116connecting the inlet side of the vacuum source 114 to the vacuum port112 of the wound dressing 102 and a collector canister 118 connected tothe outlet side of the vacuum source 114 by outlet tubing 120. In thealternative, the collection canister 118 may be disposed “in-line”between the vacuum source 114 and the wound dressing 102. Vacuum source114 may be any type of pump that is biocompatible and maintains or drawsadequate and therapeutic vacuum levels. Preferably, the vacuum level tobe achieved is in a range between about 20 mmHg and about 500 mmHg, morepreferably, about 75 mmHg and about 125 mmHg. The pump 114 may beremovable, reusable, and/or rechargeable. Typically, the pump 114 is apump of the diaphragmatic or peristaltic type, or the like, in which themoving part(s) draw exudate out of the wound bed into the wound dressingby creating areas or zones of decreased pressure e.g., vacuum zones withthe wound dressing 102. This area of decreased pressure preferablycommunicates with the wound bed “w” to facilitate removal of the fluidstherefrom and into the packing/absorbent layer 108. The pump 114 may beactuated by any means known by those skilled in the art. In a preferredembodiment of the present disclosure, the pump 114 is a peristalticpump. One suitable peristaltic pump is the Kangaroo PET Enternal FeedingPump manufactured by Kendall Corp., a division of TycoHealthcare.Another suitable peristaltic pump may be the model 101 V/R pmy MK2manufactured by Watson Marlow LTD of England. Preferably, theperistaltic pump produces subatmospheric pressure ranging from about 20mmHg to about 500 mmHg. A suitable diaphragm pump includes model NMP 850KNDC manufactured by KNF Neuberger of Germany.

The inlet and outlet tubings 116,120 may be any suitable flexible tubingfabricated from elastomeric and/or polymeric materials. The inlet tubing116 is preferably releasably connected to the vacuum port 112 throughconventional means including a friction fit, bayonet coupling, snap fitor the like. The collection canister 118 may be any flexible disposablepouch or the like. The collection canister 118 may include a superabsorbent material such as superabsorbent polymers (SAP), silica gel,sodium polyacrylate, potassium polyacrylamide and related compounds toconsolidate or contain wound drainage or debris. The collection canister118 is preferably transparent to permit viewing into the interior of thecanister 118 to assist the patient in determining the remaining capacityof the collection canister 118 and quality of exudates.

Referring to FIG. 2, the pump system 104 preferably includes an internalself contained battery source 122, a pressure sensor or transducer 124to monitor pressure within the wound dressing, and self-containedregulation or control means 126. The pressure sensor 124 is preferablydisposed within the interior of the wound dressing 102 and is inelectrical connection with the control means 126 through an electricalwiring 128. (FIG. 1) One suitable pressure sensor is the Dynamic ICPPressure Sensor of the Pressure Division of PCB Piezotronics, Inc. Thepressure sensor 124 would also provide information to assist indetecting a leak in the wound dressing 102. The electrical wiring 128may be passed through the vacuum port 112 and through inlet tubing 116or on the exterior surface of the inlet tubing 116. Alternatively, theelectrical wiring 128 may pass through a conduit or channel in the wallof the vacuum port 112 and/or the inlet tubing 116. FIG. 1A illustratesthe various arrangements where the electrical wiring 128 passes throughthe channel of the tubing 116 or the central lumen of the tubing 116.The control means 126 is preferably incorporated within the pump housingof the pump 114. The control means 126 may incorporate a motorcontroller/driver 130 including processing and drive software orcircuitry to control or vary the drive voltage to the motor of the pump114 responsive to the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor 124 and/orother operational parameters including operational time constraints etc.For example, the motor controller/driver may be programmed to run onlyfor a predetermined period of time after start-up. The output of themotor of the pump 114 may be increased or decreased, or initiated ordiscontinued, as controlled by the control means 126. The regulation orcontrol means 126 may also have an alarm such as a visual, audio ortactile sensory alarm (e.g., vibratory etc.) to indicate to the patientwhen specific conditions have been met (e.g., the desired vacuum level,loss of vacuum or leak). An override switch 130 may also be incorporatedwithin the pump system to permit the patient to optionally initiate orterminate operation of the pump as desired without input from thecontrol means 126. Wireless means are also envisioned to operate thepump 114 through the control means 126.

With reference now to FIG. 3, there is illustrated a body support bag134 for supporting at least the canister and/or the pump 114. Asdiscussed, the pump system 104 is adapted for mounting to the body ofthe patient to be a self contained portal unit. In this regard, the pumpsystem 104 may be at least partially carried or supported by the bodysupport bag 134. The body support bag 134 generally includes a pouch 136and at least one strap 138, preferably two straps, for securing thepouch 136 to the body of the patient. The body support bag 134 isintended to receive and store at least the collection canister 118and/or the pump 114. The body support bag 134 may be worn about thewaist of the patient. This is desirable in that it may reduce the lengthof tubing needed depending on the location of the wound. In addition,the pouch 136 may be located adjacent the abdomen of the patient whichmay present a significantly enhanced ability to conceal the system. Theinlet and outlet tubings 116,120 may be secured to the body with tape orthe like, or, optionally, may be unsecured and disposed beneath thepatient's clothing. Thus, the body support bag 134 permits the patientto move without restrictions or limitations, and provides an entirelyportable capability to the patient during wound drainage and healing.

FIG. 4 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the body support bag. Inaccordance with this embodiment, the body support bag 140 is adapted formounting to the shoulder of the patient and has a pouch 142. In otherrespects, the body support bag 140 functions in a similar manner to thebody support bag of FIG. 3.

In use, the wound dressing apparatus 100 is positioned within the woundbed “w” as shown in FIG. 1 and secured about the wound “w” in the mannerdiscussed hereinabove. The pump 114 and/or collection canister 118 arepositioned within the pouch 136 of the body support bag 134 (or supportbag 140). The body support bag 134, 140 is mounted to the patient eitherabout the waist, shoulder, leg, etc . . . with the straps 134. The inletand outlet tubings 114,120 may be secured to the patient's body withtape or the like. Thereafter, the pump 114 is initiated to create a zoneof subatmospheric pressure (i.e., a state of vacuum) within the wounddressing 100. The pump 114 may be initiated via the manual overrideswitch 130, or may be started via the pressure sensor 124 which detectsthe lack of subatmospheric pressure within the wound dressing apparatus100 and sends a corresponding signal to the control means 126. Thecontrol means 126, in turn, activates the pump 114. As thesubatmospheric pressure within the wound dressing 102 increases, the toplayer 110 and packing/absorbent layer 108 may collapse. Fluids are drawnaway from the wound bed “w” and into the packing/absorbent layer 106 ofthe wound dressing 102. These fluids and/or exudates may be removed fromthe packing/absorbent layer 106 under the negative pumping energy of thepump 114. The fluids are delivered through the inlet and outlet tubings116,120 to be collected within the collection canister 118. Once thedesired level of subatmospheric pressure is achieved as detected by,e.g., the pressure sensor 124, the pressure sensor 124 sends a signal tothe control means 126. The control means 126 may either terminateoperation of the pump 114 or alternatively vary the speed or output(e.g., decrease) of the pump 114. In this vacuum state, wound fluid andexudates are continually drawn into the packing/absorbent layer 106.After a period of time, the wound dressing 102 may lose its vacuum stateas detected by the pressure sensor 124 or detected visually by thepatient. When the loss of a desired vacuum level is achieved, thepressure sensor 124 sends a signal to the control means 126 to activateor increase the output of the pump 114. The pump 114 removes the fluidfrom the packing/absorbent layer 108 and reestablishes the vacuum statewithin the wound dressing 102. As indicated hereinabove, in thealternative, the pump 114 may be initiated via the manual overrideswitch 130 when e.g., the patient sees that the collection canister 118is full. This process may continue several times during wound healingduring one application or a series of applications.

Once the wound is fully healed, the wound closure apparatus and pumpsystem may be disposed. The body support bag may also be disposed orcleaned for subsequent use. The pump may be sterilized and reused aswell.

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of the present disclosure. Inaccordance with this embodiment, wound dressing apparatus 200 includesmicropump 202 which is adapted for mounting within absorbent layer 204.Micropump 202 has a length ranging from about 1 to 3 inches and arelatively small diameter, preferably, no greater than about one inch.The micropump 202 may be any type of pump that is biocompatible andmaintains or draws adequate and therapeutic vacuum levels. The micropump202 may be removable, reusable, and/or rechargeable. The micropump 202may be a pump of the diaphragmatic, peristaltic or rotary type, or thelike, in which the moving part(s) draw exudates out of the wound bedinto the wound dressing by creating areas or zones of decreased pressuree.g., vacuum zones with the wound dressing apparatus 200. This area ofdecreased pressure preferably communicates with the wound bed “w” tofacilitate removal of the fluids therefrom and into the absorbent layer204. The micropump 202 may be actuated by any means known by thoseskilled in the art. In a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure,the micropump 202 is a peristaltic pump. One suitable micropump ismanufactured by Piab Vacuum Products in Hingham, Mass. Preferably, theperistaltic pump produces subatmospheric pressure ranging from about 20mmHg to about 500 mmHg.

Absorbent layer 204 is preferably a foam filled dressing which istransparent. The foam may be a resilient, liquid absorbent, porous,polymer-based foam. The foam may be a dispensable liquid which at leastpartially solidifies to a crystal-like arrangement defining hollow tubesto allow exudates drainage. The foam is dispensed within the wound bedand is potentially collapsible to expel air from the foam channels. Thefoam may be an expandable hydrophilic foam which is capable of absorbingfluid from a wound and maintain the wound bed moist. The hollow tubes orvoids defined by the foam also provide a means to conduct electricity,heat, cold, and ultrasound. The hollow tubes or voids also provide abioactive scaffold for tissue growth. A thin film transparent top layer205 is secured about the wound area to enclose the wound.

The self contained battery source and control circuitry may be mountedwithin housing 206 which is connected to belt 208. Belt 208 is adaptedfor mounting to the body of a patient, e.g., around the waist area andmay include VELCRO® means for securing about the patient. Belt 208 mayfurther support canister 210 which receives the fluid exudates from pump202 through tube 212. Tube 214 extends from housing 206 to pump 202 andmay incorporate electronic wires etc. for operating the pump. In thealternative, tube 212 may incorporate the electrical wires within, e.g.,a lumen, and extend from the housing to pump 202 and canister 210.

It is further contemplated that the wound dressing apparatus mayincorporate external means or applications to stimulate tissue growthand/or healing. For example, an auxiliary treatment apparatus may beincorporated into the wound dressing apparatus to impart electrical ormechanical energy for the treatment of the tissue such as, for instance,directing electrical, thermal or vibratory energy on the wound areaand/or introducing various drugs into the human body through the skin.The auxiliary treatment apparatus may be incorporated into the housingof the pump 202 as shown schematically as reference numeral 216 andoperated via a control means discussed hereinabove. One suitableauxiliary treatment apparatus may include an ultrasonic transducer.Other sensor types are also contemplated for incorporation into thewound dressing apparatus including oxygen, chemical, microbial and/ortemperature sensors. The detection of oxygen adjacent the wound areawould assist the clinician in determining the status of wound healing.The presence of an elevated temperature may be indicative of aninfection. The pump system may incorporate circuitry to communicate witha computer, e.g., a hand-held PALM® device through wireless means.

While the disclosure has been illustrated and described, it is notintended to be limited to the details shown, since various modificationsand substitutions can be made without departing in any way from thespirit of the present disclosure. For example, it is envisioned that thesubject matter of the commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/517,210, filed on Sep. 6, 2006, which claims priority to ProvisionalApplication No. 60/714,812, filed on Sep. 6, 2005, now issued as U.S.Pat. No. 7,569,742 on Aug. 4, 2009, and the subject matter of thecommonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/516,925, filed onSep. 6, 2006, which claims priority to Provisional Application No.60/714,805, filed on Sep. 7, 2005, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,699,823on Apr. 20, 2010 (the entire contents of each application beingincorporated herein) may be incorporated into the present disclosure. Assuch, further modifications and equivalents of the invention hereindisclosed can occur to persons skilled in the art using no more thanroutine experimentation, and all such modifications and equivalents arebelieved to be within the spirit and scope of the disclosure as definedby the following claims.

1.-13. (canceled)
 14. A wound dressing comprising: a first layer and asecond layer arranged in superposed relation, the first layer configuredto be in direct contact with a wound and the second layer configured toabsorb wound fluid, the second layer positioned over the first layer;and a plurality of sensors incorporated into one or more of the first orsecond layers, the plurality of sensors comprising: a pressure sensorconfigured to detect pressure within the wound dressing; an oxygensensor configured to detect an oxygen level of the wound; and atemperature sensor configured to detect a temperature of the wound. 15.The wound dressing of claim 14, wherein the oxygen sensor is furtherconfigured to detect an oxygen level adjacent the wound.
 16. The wounddressing of claim 14, wherein the first layer comprises a plurality ofperforations configured to allow unidirectional flow of the wound fluidtoward the second layer.
 17. The wound dressing of claim 14, wherein thesecond layer comprises an absorbent material.
 18. The wound dressing ofclaim 17, wherein the absorbent material comprises a material selectedfrom the group consisting of foams, nonwoven composite fabrics,cellulosic fabrics, super absorbent polymers, and combinations thereof.19. The kit comprising the wound dressing of claim 14 and a vacuum pumpconfigured to be fluidically connected to the wound dressing.
 20. Thekit of claim 19, further comprising a controller configured to controlthe vacuum pump.
 21. The kit of claim 20, wherein the controller isconfigured to control the vacuum pump in response to the pressuredetected by the pressure sensor.
 22. A wound dressing comprising: afirst layer and a second layer arranged in superposed relation, thefirst layer configured to be in direct contact with a wound and thesecond layer configured to absorb wound fluid, the second layerpositioned over the first layer; and a plurality of sensors incorporatedinto one or more of the first or second layers, the plurality of sensorscomprising: a pressure sensor configured to detect pressure within thewound dressing; and a temperature sensor configured to detect atemperature of the wound.
 23. The wound dressing of claim 22, whereinthe first layer comprises a plurality of perforations configured toallow unidirectional flow of the wound fluid toward the second layer.24. The wound dressing of claim 22, wherein the second layer comprisesan absorbent material.
 25. The wound dressing of claim 24, wherein theabsorbent material comprises a material selected from the groupconsisting of foams, nonwoven composite fabrics, cellulosic fabrics,super absorbent polymers, and combinations thereof.
 26. The kitcomprising the wound dressing of claim 22 and a vacuum pump configuredto be fluidically connected to the wound dressing.
 27. The kit of claim26, further comprising a controller configured to control the vacuumpump.
 28. The kit of claim 27, wherein the controller is configured tocontrol the vacuum pump in response to the pressure detected by thepressure sensor.